The Shimao ancient-DNA study was named among China's top ten archaeology news of 2025. The 13-year, 169-sample Nature paper traces the city's population to local late-Yangshao ancestry and reveals a patrilineal social structure.
After the Shimao results, coverage has focused on how ancient DNA is cross-read with archaeology, isotopes and radiocarbon to trace local late-Yangshao origins and a kinship-based patrilineal power structure.
Of about 80 skulls from Shimao's East Gate, ancient DNA shows nine in ten were male—upending prior expectations. Here is how scientists read a 4,300-year-old patrilineal society from bone genomes.
Sequencing 169 ancient samples from Shimao, Qiaomei Fu's team traces the population mainly to local late Yangshao ancestry, reconstructs a four-generation patrilineage, and finds mostly male sacrificial victims at the East Gate.
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