Of about 80 skulls from Shimao's East Gate, ancient DNA shows nine in ten were male—upending prior expectations. Here is how scientists read a 4,300-year-old patrilineal society from bone genomes.
Sequencing 169 ancient samples from Shimao, Qiaomei Fu's team traces the population mainly to local late Yangshao ancestry, reconstructs a four-generation patrilineage, and finds mostly male sacrificial victims at the East Gate.
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